The Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant (CCNPP) is a nuclear power plant located on the western shore of the Chesapeake Bay near Lusby, Calvert County, Maryland.

The Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant is owned and operated by EDF, has two 2700 megawatt thermal (MWth) Combustion Engineering Generation II, two loop pressurized water reactors. Each generating plant (CCNPP 1&2) produces approximately 850 megawatt electrical (MWe) net or 900 MWe gross. Each plant's electrical load consumes approximately 50 MWe. These are saturated steam plants (non-superheated) and are approximately 33% efficient (ratio of 900 MWe gross/2700 MWth core). Only the exhaust of the single High Pressure Main Turbine is slightly superheated by a two stage reheater before delivering the superheated steam in parallel to the three Low Pressure Turbines. Unit 1 uses a General Electric designed main turbine and generator, while Unit 2 uses a Westinghouse designed main turbine and generator. The heat produced by the reactor is returned to the bay, which operates as a cooling heat-sink for the plant.

Unit 1 went into commercial service in 1975 and Unit 2 in 1977. The total cost of the two units was approximately 766 million USD.

Unit 1 had its two steam generators replaced in 2002 and its reactor vessel closure head replaced in 2006, while unit 2 had its two steam generators replaced in 2003, and its vessel closure head replaced in 2007.

The water around the plant (see lower-right-center of photograph) is a very popular place for anglers. Unit 1 & 2 each takes in bay water (from the fenced-in area) to cool its steam driven turbine condensers plus other bay water cooled primary and secondary system heat exchangers. The bay water is pumped out at a nominal flow rate of 1.2 million gallons per minute (75,000 L/s) per unit (Unit 1 and 2) for each steam turbine condenser. The water is returned to the bay no more than 12 °F (6.7 °C) warmer than the bay water. Unlike many other nuclear power plants, Calvert Cliffs did not have to utilize water cooling towers to return the hot water to its original temperature. As the water comes out very quickly and creates a sort of artificial rip current, it can be a dangerous place to fish. CCNPP 3 will only need about 10% of the bay cooling water volume needed for Unit 1 and 2 combined. The increase in fish and shellfish impingement and entrainment will be less than 3.5% over Unit 1 and 2 existing conditions.^]

In February 2009, Calvert Cliffs set a world record for Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs) by operating 692 days non-stop. (US-EPR), Generation III+ In addition, Unit 2's capacity factor in 2008 was a world-record high of 101.37 percent.

November 2010, a deal to transfer Constellation Energy Group's stake in a nuclear development company to its French partner, EDF Group, closed, according to the SEC. A month prior, Constellation agreed to sell its 50 percent stake in Unistar Nuclear Energy to EDF for $140 million, giving EDF sole ownership of the joint venture and its plans to develop a third unit at Calvert Cliffs in Southern Maryland. The deal called for EDF to transfer 3.5 million shares it owns, valued around $110 million, to Constellation and give up its seat on the Constellation board. EDF designee Samuel Minzberg resigned.

Evacuation

The population within 50 miles of Calvert Cliffs was 2,890,702, according to 2010 U.S. Census data analyzed for msnbc.com, a decrease of 2.0 percent in a decade. The 2010 population within 10 miles is 48,798 (increase of 86.4 percent). Cities within 50 miles include Washington, D.C., (45 miles to city center).

2000 renewal of operating license

In 2000, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission extended the license of the plant for 20 additional years, making Calvert Cliffs the first nuclear plant in the United States to receive such an extension. President George W. Bush visited the plant in June 2005, the first time a president had visited a nuclear power plant in nearly two decades.

Proposal to add a third reactor

UniStar Nuclear Energy announced it will probably build a new advanced U.S. Evolutionary Power Reactor (US-EPR) at this site. UniStar Nuclear Energy, a Delaware limited liability company, is jointly owned by Constellation Energy (CEG) and Électricité de France (EdF), a builder and supplier of nuclear power plants in Europe. This proposed single nuclear unit will produce approximately twice the energy of each individual existing plant. See Nuclear Power 2010 Program.

On July 13, 2007, UniStar Nuclear Energy filed a partial application to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to review its plans to build a new nuclear power plant, Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant 3 (CCNPP 3) based on the AREVA U.S. Evolutionary Power Reactor (US-EPR), Generation III+, four loop pressurized water reactor. The remainder of the license application was submitted to the NRC in March 2008. The NRC confirmed its acceptance for technical review in June 2008. The CCNPP 3 reactor will be rated at 4590 MW thermal/1710 MW electrical gross. Plant loads will be approximately 110 Mwe, thus the net generation is 1600 MWe. Plant thermal efficiency will be approximately 36% (ratio of 1710 MWe to 4590 MWth). A final decision by Constellation to start construction had been expected by the end of 2009, paving the way for pre-construction activities.

This third reactor will help address the need for more baseload, generating power in the Mid-Atlantic region. The plant will be located south of the existing CCNPP 1&2 and will be set back from the shoreline. Although only a single unit, its power plant footprint will be almost 2 times the size of the twin units CCNPP 1&2. It will have a closed-loop cooling system using a single hybrid mechanical draft cooling tower. It will incorporate plume abatement (no visible water vapor plume). Units 1&2 use an open-cycle heat dissipation system (no cooling towers). Two thirds of the heat produced by the Unit 3 reactor will be released to the atmosphere via the cooling tower. This also is a saturated steam plant with a Main Steam Turbine (one high pressure turbine in tandem with three low pressure turbines) and a Main Generator design similar to Unit 1 & 2. ALSTOM will supply the Main Steam Turbine and Main Generator.

Units 1 and 2 and their support facilities use a well water system for their potable water supply. It consists of five wells that pump water from the second highest aquifer, the Aquia Aquifer, at the minus 400–500 foot below sea level elevation. The State of Maryland limits daily usage for these five wells to 450,000 gallons per day (gpd). Actual daily usage averages 225,000 gpd. Unlike units 1 and 2, Unit 3 will have a desalination plant to produce potable water using reverse osmosis. The desalination plant will produce up to 1,250,000 gallon of potable water per day for Unit 3 and supporting facilities with total dissolved solids (TDS) less than 400 parts per million (ppm). The source for the desalination plant will be the brackish bay water from the makeup supply to the circulating water system. The TDS for the brackish bay water runs 10,000-15,000 ppm. The potable water will be distributed as makeup water for the demineralized water system, miscellaneous potable water services, fire protection and source water for the four ultimate heatsink cooling towers used during normal shutdown and power operation.

On November 13, 2007, UniStar Nuclear Energy filed an application for a certificate of public convenience and necessity with the Maryland Public Service Commission for authority to construct CCNPP 3. This application is being considered in Case Number 9127.

Opponents and supporters of the proposed third reactor at Calvert Cliffs have been involved in a series of public hearings before officials of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. In March 2009, Bill Peil of southern Calvert County asked the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to deny an emissions permit for the reactor due to health and safety concerns he maintains the plant poses to the community. UniStar Nuclear Energy President and CEO George Vanderheyden urged the NRC to approve the air permit application.

In October 2010, Constellation Energy said that it had reached an impasse in negotiations for a federal loan guarantee to build the proposed third nuclear reactor at Calvert Cliffs. The government was seeking a fee of $880 million on a guarantee of about $7.6 billion, to compensate taxpayers for the risk of default. However, Constellation Energy has said that fee would doom the project, “or the economics of any nuclear project, for that matter”.

In April 2011, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) stated that UniStar is not eligible to build a third reactor, as it is not a U.S. owned company since Constellation pulled out of the partnership in 2010. The NRC would continue to process the application, but a license would not be issued until the ownership requirements were met. The reactor is now estimated to cost $9.6 billion.

Environmental

Scientists at Johns Hopkins University became concerned that the discharge of heated cooling water from the plant would be detrimental to a crucial element of the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem, the bay's famed blue crabs. In the late 1960s, litigation borne of Congress's National Environmental Policy Act eventually spawned one of the most celebrated environmental cases in American history, Calvert Cliffs Coordinating Council v. Atomic Energy Commission, forcing the Atomic Agency Commission to consider the environmental impact of building and maintaining such an atomic energy plant.

Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant
Country	United States
Locale	Calvert County, near Lusby, Maryland
Status	Operational
Commission date	Unit 1: 1975 Unit 2: 1977
Licence expiration	Unit 1: 2034 Unit 2: 2036
Owner(s)	Électricité de France
Operator(s)	Électricité de France
Architect(s)	Bechtel
Constructor(s)	Bechtel
Reactor information
Reactor type(s)	PWR
Reactor supplier(s)	Combustion Engineering
Power station information
Generation units	Unit 1: General Electric Unit 2: Westinghouse
Power generation information
Installed capacity	Unit 1: 873 MW Unit 2: 863
Annual generation	Unit 1: 8,104 GW-h Unit 2: 6,807

The Prairie Island Nuclear Power Plant is an electricity-generating facility located in Red Wing, Minnesota along the Mississippi River, adjacent to the Prairie Island Indian Community reservation. The nuclear power plant, which first began operating in 1973, has two nuclear reactors (pressurized water reactors) made by Westinghouse that produce a total 1,076 megawatts of power. They are licensed to operate through 2013 and 2014.

The Prairie Island Nuclear Power Plant is owned by Northern States Power Company (NSP), today a subsidiary of Xcel Energy, and is operated by Xcel Energy and no longer operated by the Nuclear Management Company (NMC).

It is one of two active nuclear facilities in Minnesota and has proven to be the most controversial due to the storage of nuclear waste in large steel casks on-site, an area which is a floodplain of the Mississippi.

In April 2008, Xcel requested that the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) renew the licenses of both reactors, extending them for an additional twenty years. The license renewals are not expected until June 2011.

The company has also requested the use of a similar storage system at its Monticello plant, which is currently licensed through 2030.

In May 2006 repair workers at the plant were exposed to very low levels of radiation due to inhalation of radioactive iodine-131 (¹³¹I) gas. The gas leaked from the steam generators, which were opened for inspection. ¹³¹I gas is normally removed by means of a carbon-based filter; in this case the filter had developed a small leak. The NRC deemed this event to be of very low safety significance and notes that it did not result in any overdose.

The population within 50 miles of Prairie Island was 2,945,237, according to 2010 U.S. Census data analyzed for msnbc.com, an increase of 7.8 percent in a decade. The 2010 population within 10 miles is 27,996 (increase of 4.6 percent). Cities within 50 miles include Minneapolis (39 miles to city center) and St. Paul (32 miles to city center).

NSP had initially intended to send radioactive waste to a storage facility operated by the United States federal government, but no such site is yet open for use (the Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository is under construction, but following heavy opposition is no longer considered an option by the Obama Administration). In 1991, the company requested permission from the Minnesota Public Utilities Commission to eventually store waste in 48 dry casks on the site. Opposition by environmentalists and the neighboring Prairie Island tribe led the Minnesota Legislature to decrease the number of allowed casks to 17, enough to keep the plant operating through approximately 2003.

Eventually, those casks filled, and Xcel Energy requested that the limit be expanded beyond 17 casks. The legislature granted the request, but required the company to make greater use of renewable energy such as wind power and to pay the local Indian community up to $2.25 million per year to help with evacuation improvements and the acquisition and development of new land and to help pay for a health study and emergency management activities.

Prairie Island Nuclear Power Plant
Country	United States
Locale	Red Wing, Minnesota
Status	Operational
Commission date	Unit 1: December 16, 1973 Unit 2: December 21, 1974
Licence expiration	Unit 1: August 9, 2013 Unit 2: October 29, 2014
Owner(s)	Xcel Energy
Architect(s)	Fluor Pioneer
Reactor information
Reactors operational	2 x 548 MW
Reactor type(s)	pressurized water reactor
Power generation information
Annual generation	8,914 GW·h

Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant is an electricity-generating nuclear power plant at Avila Beach in San Luis Obispo County, California. It was built directly over a geological fault line, and is located near a second fault. The plant has two Westinghouse-designed 4-loop pressurized-water nuclear reactors operated by Pacific Gas & Electric. The facility is located on about 750 acres (300 ha) in Avila Beach, California. Together, the twin 1,100 MWe reactors produce about 18,000 GW·h of electricity annually, supplying the electrical needs of more than 2.2 million people, sent along the Path 15 500-kV lines that connect to this plant.

Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant was originally designed to withstand a 6.75 magnitude earthquake from four faults, including the nearby San Andreas and Hosgri faults, but was later upgraded to withstand a 7.5 magnitude quake. It has seismic monitoring and safety systems, designed to shut it down promptly in the event of significant ground motion.

The Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant draws cooling water from the Pacific Ocean, and during heavy storms both units are throttled back by 80 percent to prevent kelp from entering the cooling water intake. The cooling water is used once and not recirculated.

The plant is located in Nuclear Regulatory Commission Region IV.

Unit One

Unit One is a 1,122 MWe pressurized water reactor supplied by Westinghouse. It went online on May 7, 1985 and is licensed to operate through November 2, 2024. In 2006, Unit One generated 9,944,983 MW·h of electricity, at a nominal capacity factor of 101.2 percent.

Unit Two

Unit Two is a 1,118 MWe pressurized water reactor supplied by Westinghouse. It went online on March 3, 1986 and is licensed to operate through August 20, 2025. In 2006, Unit Two generated 8,520,000 MW·h of electricity, at a capacity factor of 88.2 percent.

Safety

Pacific Gas & Electric Company went through six years of hearings, referenda and litigation to have the Diablo Canyon plant approved. A principal concern about the plant is whether it can be sufficiently earthquake-proof. The site was deemed safe when construction started in 1968.

However, by the time of the plant's completion in 1973, a seismic fault, the Hosgri fault, had been discovered several miles offshore. This fault had a 7.1 magnitude quake 10 miles offshore on November 4, 1927, and thus was capable of generating forces equivalent to approximately 1/16 of those felt in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. The company updated its plans and added structural supports designed to reinforce stability in case of earthquake. In September 1981, PG&E discovered that a single set of blueprints was used for these structural supports; workers were supposed to have reversed the plans when switching to the second reactor, but did not. According to Charles Perrow, the result of the error was that "many parts were needlessly reinforced, while others, which should have been strengthened, were left untouched." Nonetheless, on March 19, 1982 the Nuclear Regulatory Commission decided not to review its 1978 decision approving the plant's safety, despite these and other design errors.

In response to concern that ground acceleration, or shaking, could cause spillage of submerged fuel rod assemblies which, upon exposure to air, could ignite, PG&E and NRC regulators insist that the foregoing scenario is anticipated and controlled for, and that there is no basis to anticipate spillage. Additional seismic studies are in process, however completion of those studies is not a condition precedent to reissuance of the operating licenses for the two onsite units.

A PG&E request to extend the life of the plant by 20 years has been postponed from April 2011 pending the resolution of the nuclear emergencies in Japan.

DCISC

The Diablo Canyon Independent Safety Committee (DCISC) was established as a part of a settlement agreement entered into in June 1988 between the Division of Ratepayer Advocates of the California Public Utilities Commission (PUC), the Attorney General for the State of California, and Pacific Gas and Electric Company(“PG&E”).

The DCISC consists of three members, one each appointed by the Governor, the Attorney General and the Chairperson of the California Energy Commission. They serve staggered three-year terms. The committee has no authority to direct PG&E personnel.

Cooling intake event

Starting October 22, 2008, Unit 2 was taken offline for approximately two days due to a rapid influx of jellyfish at the intake.

Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant
Status	Operational
Commission date	Unit 1: May 7, 1985 Unit 2: March 13, 1986
Licence expiration	Unit 1: November 2, 2024 Unit 2: August 20, 2025
Owner(s)	Pacific Gas & Electric
Operator(s)	Pacific Gas & Electric
Architect(s)	Pacific Gas & Electric
Reactor information
Reactors operational	1 x 1118 MW 1 x 1122 MW
Reactor type(s)	Pressurized water reactor
Reactor supplier(s)	Westinghouse
Power generation information
Annual generation	18,588 GW·h
Net generation	17,091 GW·h

Hope Creek Nuclear Power Plant is a thermal nuclear power plant located in Lower Alloways Creek Township, New Jersey on the same site as the two-unit Salem Nuclear Power Plant. The plant is owned and operated by PSEG Nuclear LLC. It has one unit (one reactor), a boiling water reactor (BWR) manufactured by GE. The Hope Creek reactor uses the same "Mark I" containment style found in the Fukushima I nuclear plant and a number of other reactors worldwide, although other aspects of the plant design differ. It has a generating capacity of 1,268 MWe. The plant came online on July 25, 1986, and its license to operate expires April 11, 2026. PSEG has applied for a 20-year license renewal.

Hope Creek Nuclear Power Plant is one of four licensed nuclear power reactors in New Jersey. The others are the two units at the Salem Nuclear Power Plant, and the one unit at Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station. As of January 1, 2005, New Jersey ranked 10th among the 31 states with nuclear capacity for total MWe generated. In 2003, nuclear electricity generated over one half of the electricity in the State.

Hope Creek Nuclear Power Plant
Country	United States
Locale	Lower Alloways Creek
Status	Operational
Construction began	1974–1986
Commission date	December 20, 1986
Licence expiration	April 11, 2026
Operator(s)	PSEG
Architect(s)	Bechtel
Constructor(s)	Bechtel
Reactor information
Reactors operational	1 x 1059 MW
Reactor type(s)	GE-5
Reactor supplier(s)	General Electric
Power station information
Generation units	1 GE 25kV
Power generation information
Installed capacity	1059 MW
Annual generation	8,104 GW·h

Wolf Creek nuclear power plant located near Burlington, Kansas, occupies 9,818 acres (40 km²) of the total 11,800 acres (48 km²) controlled by the owner. Wolf Creek, dammed to create Coffey County Lake (formerly Wolf Creek Lake), provides not only the name, but cooling water for the reactor.

This Wolf Creek nuclear power plant has one Westinghouse pressurized water reactor which came on line on June 4, 1985. The reactor is rated at 1,170 MW(e).

On October 4, 2006, the operator applied to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) for a renewal and extension of the plant's operating license. The NRC granted the renewal on November 20, 2008, extending the license from forty years to sixty.

The Wolf Creek Nuclear Operating Corporation, a Delaware corporation, operates the power plant. The ownership is divided between Kansas Gas & Electric Co. (47%) (now known as Westar Energy), Kansas City Power and Light Company (47%), and Kansas Electric Power Cooperative, Inc. (6%).

Wolf Creek Nuclear Power Plant
Country	United States
Locale	Hampden Township, Coffey County, near Burlington, Kansas
Status	Operational
Commission date	September 3, 1985
Licence expiration	March 11, 2045
Owner(s)	Westar Energy (47%), Kansas City Power and Light Company (47%), Kansas Electric Power Cooperative (6%)
Operator(s)	Wolf Creek Nuclear Operating Corp. (WNOC)
Architect(s)	Bechtel
Reactor information
Reactors operational	1 x 1,166 MW
Reactor type(s)	pressurized water reactor
Reactor supplier(s)	Westinghouse
Power generation information
Annual generation	10,369 GW·h

The Enrico Fermi Nuclear Power Plant located on the shore of Lake Erie near Monroe in Frenchtown Charter Township, Michigan. The plant is operated by the Detroit Edison Company and owned (100 percent) by DTE Energy. It is approximately halfway between Detroit, Michigan and Toledo, Ohio. Two units have been constructed on this site. The first unit's construction started in 1963, and the second unit reached criticality in 1988.

The Enrico Fermi Nuclear Power Plant is named after the Italian nuclear physicist Enrico Fermi, most noted for his work on the development of the first nuclear reactor as well as many other major contributions to nuclear physics. Fermi won the 1938 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on induced radioactivity.

On October 5, 1966 Fermi 1 suffered a partial fuel meltdown, although no radioactive material was released.

On August 8, 2008, John McCain was taken on a 45-minute tour of the plant, becoming the first actively campaigning presidential candidate to visit a nuclear plant.

Enrico Fermi 1

The 94 MWe prototype fast breeder reactor Fermi 1 unit under construction and development at the site from 1957 to 1972. On October 5, 1966 Fermi 1 suffered a partial fuel meltdown. According to the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, there was no abnormal radiation release to the environment.

The main cause of the temperature increase was a blockage in one of the spigots that allowed the flow of cooled liquid sodium into the reactor. The blockage caused an insufficient amount of coolant to enter; this was not noticed by the operators until the core temperature alarms sounded. Several fuel rod subassemblies reached high temperatures of around 700 °F (370 °C) (with an expected range near 580 °F, 304 °C), causing them to melt.

Following an extended shutdown that involved fuel replacement, repairs to vessel, and cleanup, Fermi 1 continued to operate intermittently until September 22, 1972, but was never again able to reach a fully operational state. It was officially decommissioned December 31, 1975. It is currently in SAFSTOR with a gradual "final" decommissioning in progress. There is some debate about whether the details of the accident as written in the book Fermi-1 New Age for Nuclear Power and published by the American Nuclear Society in 1979 are completely accurate. Several of the claims in the ANS's account are contradicted by certain parts of We Almost Lost Detroit, a book written by local Detroit newsman John Grant Fuller (subtitled "This Is Not A Novel").

Enrico Fermi 2

Fermi 2 is a 1,098 net MWe General Electric boiling water reactor owned by DTE Energy and operated by subsidiary Detroit Edison. It was opened in January 1988 and is currently in operation.

On June 6, 2010 a weak tornado touched down and damaged the Fermi 2 generator building and forced an automatic shutdown leaving over 30,000 people without power in the area. The plant is connected to two single-circuit 345 kV Transmission Lines and 3 120 kV lines. They are operated and maintained by ITC Transmission.

Enrico Fermi 3

In September 2008, Detroit Edison filed an application with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) for a Combined Construction and Operating License (COL) for a third reactor. The new unit is supposed to be built on the same site, slightly to the southwest of Fermi 2. The reactor design selected is the 1,520 MWe GE-designed passive Economic Simplified Boiling Water Reactor (ESBWR). Review of the 17,000-page application could take four years, after which construction could take six years. The cost is estimated at as much as 10 billion dollars. CEO Anthony Earley said that DTE's analysis "so far shows that nuclear power will, over the long term, be the most cost-effective baseload option for our customers, ... We expect nuclear to remain the low-cost option, but we will continue to evaluate nuclear against other resources and will commit to proceeding with construction only at the right time and at the right cost".

In March 2009, a coalition of citizen groups asked federal regulators to reject plans for Fermi 3, contending that it would pose a range of threats to public health and the environment. The groups have filed 14 contentions with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, claiming that a new plant would pose "radioactive, toxic and thermal impacts on Lake Erie's vulnerable western basin."

This proposed plant should not be confused with the original Fermi 3 project which was to be a companion unit identical to Fermi 2. The original Fermi 3 was ordered in 1972 and cancelled in 1974.

Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station
Country	United States
Locale	Frenchtown Charter Township, Michigan
Status	Operational
Commission date	Unit 1: 1957 Unit 2: January 23, 1988
Licence expiration	Unit 2: March 3, 2025
Decommission date	Unit 1: September 22, 1972
Owner(s)	DTE Energy
Operator(s)	Detroit Edison
Architect(s)	Unit 2: Sargent & Lundy
Reactor information
Reactors operational	1 x 1,122 MW (Unit 2)
Reactors planned	1 x 1,520 MW (2000s Unit 3)
Reactors decom.	1 x 94 MW (Unit 1)
Reactors cancelled	1 x 1,122 MW (1970s Unit 3)
Reactor type(s)	BWR (Unit 2)
Reactor supplier(s)	General Electric (Unit 2)
Power generation information
Annual generation	8,314 GW·h

The Waterford Nuclear Power Plant is a nuclear power plant located on a 3,000-acre (12-km²) plot in Killona, Louisiana, in St. Charles Parish. Waterford is operated by Entergy Nuclear and is owned by Entergy Louisiana, Inc.

This Waterford Nuclear Power Plant has one Combustion Engineering two-loop pressurized water reactor. The plant produces 1,218 megawatts of electricity since the site's last refuel in October 2009. It has a dry ambient pressure containment building.

On August 28, 2005, Waterford shut down due to Hurricane Katrina approaching and declared an unusual event. Shortly after Katrina, Waterford restarted and now is in normal operation.

Entergy is planning to replace the unit's two steam generators as well as the reactor vessel closure head and control element drive mechanisms during a refueling outage in 2011. The project is estimated to cost $511 million. The steam generators are being replaced due to normal wear and tear on the equipment. Waterford 3 is one of the last units in its class to replace its steam generators. Entergy petitioned the Louisiana Public Service Commission on June 27, 2008 for approval of the project.

Waterford Nuclear Power Plant
Country	United States
Locale	Killona, Louisiana
Status	Operational
Commission date	September 24, 1985
Licence expiration	December 18, 2024
Owner(s)	Entergy Louisiana
Operator(s)	Entergy Nuclear
Reactor information
Reactors operational	1 x 1,218 MW
Reactor type(s)	pressurized water reactor
Reactor supplier(s)	Combustion Engineering
Power generation information
Annual generation	8,949 GW·h

The Callaway Nuclear Power Plant located on a 5,228-acre (21 km²) site in Callaway County, Missouri, near Fulton, Missouri. It began operating on December 19, 1984. The plant, which is the state's only commercial nuclear unit, has one 1,190-megawatt Westinghouse four-loop pressurized water reactor and a General Electric turbine-generator. It is owned by the Ameren Corporation and operated by Ameren Missouri.

Power Output

According to Ameren, Callaway Nuclear Power Plant produces about 19 percent of Ameren Missouri's power. In 2001, Callaway set a plant record for capacity utilization, producing 101.1 percent of its rated electrical output, ranking it among the world's top reactors, according to the Energy Information Administration. The plant produces 1,190 megawatts of net power, and has run continuously for over 500 days between refuelings. Callaway is one of 26 nuclear power plants in the United States to achieve a continuous run of over 500 days.

On November 19, 2005, its workers completed the replacement of all four steam generators in 63 days, 13 hours, setting a world record for a four-loop plant.

Cooling Tower

The cooling tower at Callaway Nuclear Power Plant is 553 feet tall, 77 feet shorter than the St Louis Gateway Arch. It is 430 feet wide at the base, and is constructed from reinforced concrete. It cools approximately 585,000 gallons of water per minute when the plant is operating at full capacity, and about 15,000 gallons of water are lost out the top from evaporation. Another 5,000 gallons of water are sent to the Missouri River as "blowdown" to flush solids from the cooling tower basin. All water lost through evaporation or blowdown is replaced with water from the river, located five miles from the plant. The temperature of the water going into the cooling tower is 125° Fahrenheit, and the tower cools it to 95°.

Unit 2

On July 28, 2008, Ameren Missouri submitted an application to the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), seeking a Combined Construction and Operating License (COL) for a potential second unit. According to Thomas R. Voss, president and chief executive officer of Ameren Missouri, "Given projections for a nearly 30 percent increase in demand for power in Missouri in the next two decades, we believe we will need to build a large generating plant to be on line in the 2018–2020 timeframe." Ameren Missouri is considering building a 1,600-MW Areva Evolutionary Power Reactor (EPR).

In April 2009, Ameren Missouri canceled plans to build a second reactor at its mid-Missouri nuclear power plant. A key stumbling block was a law barring utilities from charging customers the costs of a new power plant before it starts producing electricity. The new nuclear plant would have cost at least $6 billion.

Callaway Nuclear Power Plant
Country	United States
Locale	Auxvasse Township, Callaway County, near Steedman, Missouri
Status	Operational
Commission date	December 19, 1984
Licence expiration	October 18, 2024
Operator(s)	Ameren Missouri
Architect(s)	Bechtel Corporation
Reactor information
Reactors operational	1 x 1,190 MW
Reactors planned	1 x 1,600 MW
Reactor type(s)	pressurized water reactor
Reactor supplier(s)	Westinghouse (Unit 1)
Power station information
Generation units	1 General Electric
Power generation information
Annual generation	9,372 GW·h

The Columbia Nuclear Generating Station, is a nuclear power station located on the United States Department of Energy Hanford Site, 12 miles (20 km) NW of Richland, Washington. Its site covers 1,089 acres (4.4 km²) of Benton County, Washington.

Columbia Nuclear Generating Station is owned and operated by Energy Northwest, a consortium of Pacific Northwest public utilities. Energy Northwest's original name was the Washington Public Power Supply System (WPPSS). Construction began in late 1975, and the NRC issued an operational license for the plant to begin producing power in March, 1984.

In 2000, WPPSS changed its name to Energy Northwest, and later the plant's name was changed from WNP-2 (Washington Nuclear Power unit number 2) to Columbia Generating Station. Of the five commercial reactors originally planned by WPPSS for the State of Washington, this reactor was the only one completed (WNP-1 may yet be completed but WNP-4 and WNP-3 and WNP-5 were abandoned).

The reactor provides Washington with 9% of the state's electrical generation capacity. With the 1992 retirement of Oregon's Trojan Nuclear Power Plant, it is the only commercial nuclear power reactor remaining in the Pacific Northwest. The nearest operating reactor is the Diablo Canyon Power Plant located on the Southern California beach in San Luis Obispo County, California. The plant's sole reactor is a General Electric Type 5. The plant had a new Westinghouse Electric turbine-generator installed in 1999, which brought its output rating to 1,150 MWe.

The Columbia Generating Station features six low-profile fan-driven cooling towers. Each tower cascades warmed water, a byproduct of water heat exchanging with steam after leaving a turbine, down itself and subsequently cools the warmed water via a combination of evaporation and heat exchange with the surrounding air. Some water droplets fall back to earth in the process, thereby creating a hoar frost in the winter. At times, the vapor cloud from the cooling towers can reach 10,000 feet (3 km) in height and can be seen at a great distance. Replacement water for the evaporated water is drawn from the nearby Columbia River.

Columbia Nuclear Generating Station
Country	United States
Locale	Benton County, near Richland, Washington
Status	Operational
Construction began	1973–83
Commission date	December 13, 1984
Licence expiration	December 20, 2023
Operator(s)	Energy Northwest
Architect(s)	Burns & Roe
Reactor information
Reactors operational	1 x 1150 MW
Reactor type(s)	boiling water reactor
Reactor supplier(s)	General Electric
Power station information
Generation units	Westinghouse Electric
Power generation information
Annual generation	8,109 GW·h

Surry Nuclear Power Plant is located in Surry County in southeastern Virginia. The power station lies on an 840-acre (3.4 km²) site adjacent to the James River across from Jamestown, slightly upriver from Smithfield and Newport News. Surry is operated by Dominion Generation and owned by Dominion Resources, Inc.

The Surry Nuclear Power Plant has two triple-loop Westinghouse pressurized water reactors which went on-line in 1972 and 1973 respectively. Each reactor produces approximately 800 megawatts of power, for a combined plant output of 1.6 gigawatts. Surry Power Station draws its condenser cycle water directly from the James River, removing the need for the imposing cooling towers often associated with nuclear plants. Repeated testing shows that Surry Power Station has minimal environmental impact and releases virtually no radiation or harmful emissions.

The station site was originally designed for four units; however, only two reactors were built. With increasing energy demands in the United States, it is possible that more reactors will be built at Surry in the next few decades. In 2003, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) extended the operating licenses for both reactors from forty to sixty years.

The Surry Nuclear Power Plant is similar in appearance and design to its "sister plant" North Anna Power Station, located northwest of Richmond in Louisa County, Virginia.

Surry was one of the plants analyzed in the NUREG-1150 safety analysis study.

On December 9, 1986, a steam explosion in the non-nuclear part of Unit 2 killed 4 workers. This was the worst accident in terms of human cost of any in the US nuclear industry.

Surry Nuclear Power Plant
Country	United States
Locale	Surry County, near Rushmere, Virginia
Status	Operational
Commission date	Unit 1: December 22, 1972 Unit 2: May 1, 1973
Licence expiration	Unit 1: May 25, 2032 Unit 2: January 19, 2033
Owner(s)	Dominion Resources
Operator(s)	Dominion Generation
Architect(s)	Stone & Webster
Reactor information
Reactors operational	2 x 799 MW
Reactor type(s)	pressurized water reactor
Reactor supplier(s)	Westinghouse
Power generation information
Annual generation	13,282 GW·h

Saint Lucie Nuclear Power Plant is a twin nuclear power station located on Hutchinson Island, near Ft. Pierce, Florida in St. Lucie County. Both units are Combustion Engineering pressurized water reactors. Florida Power & Light commissioned the station in 1976 and continues to operate the station. Minor shares of Unit 2 are owned by the Florida Municipal Power Agency (8.81%) and the Orlando Utilities Commission (6.08%).

The Saint Lucie Nuclear Power Plant contains two nuclear reactors in separate containment buildings. However, the plant does not have the classic hyperboloid cooling towers found at many inland reactor sites; instead, it uses nearby ocean water for coolant of the secondary system.

In 2003 the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) extended the operating licenses of the St. Lucie units by twenty years, to March 1, 2036 for Unit 1 and April 6, 2043 for Unit 2.

St. Lucie Nuclear Power Plant
Country	United States
Locale	Port St. Lucie, Florida
Status	Operational
Commission date	Unit 1: March 1, 1976 Unit 2: June 10, 1983
Licence expiration	Unit 1: March 1, 2036 Unit 2: April 6, 2043
Operator(s)	Florida Power & Light
Architect(s)	Ebasco
Reactor information
Reactors operational	2 x 839 MW
Reactor type(s)	Pressurized water reactor
Reactor supplier(s)	Combustion Engineering
Power generation information
Annual generation	11,390 GW·h

Quad Cities Nuclear Power Plant is a two-unit nuclear power plant located near Cordova, Illinois, USA on the Mississippi River. The two General Electric boiling water reactors give the plant a total electric capacity of approximately 1,824 MW. It was named for the nearby cities of Moline, Illinois, Rock Island, Illinois, Davenport, Iowa, East Moline, Illinois and Bettendorf, Iowa — known as the Quad Cities.

The Quad Cities Nuclear Power Plant is owned and operated by Exelon Corporation. In 2004, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) approved a 20-year license extension for both reactors at this plant.

xtended power uprate

During an extended power uprate test on March 5, 2002 designed to extend the power efficiency of existing BWR reactors the Quad Cities Nuclear Power Plant unit 2 began to experience vibrations in a steam line. On March 29 the plant was manually shut down due to high vibrations causing leaks in the main turbine control system. Unit 2 had a restart on April 2, but vibration broke a main steam pipe drain line. The line was repaired and the restart resumed but by June 7 the main steam lines were showing unexplained aberrations. The plant was again taken offline for repairs on July 11. The problem was traced to a hole in the steam dryer — it was repaired, then unit 2 was restarted on July 21, 2002. The incident did not result in any increased probability of an accident. The NRC inspected all repairs and the extended power uprate was completed successfully.

Unit 1
Nuclear system supplied by General Electric Company (U.S.)
Capacity Net MW(e)	Generation in 2003 Megawatt-hours	Capacity Factor	Type	On-line Date	License Expiration Date
912	5,709,520	90.6%	BWR	Dec. 14, 1972	Dec. 14, 2032
Unit 2
Nuclear system supplied by General Electric Company (U.S.)
Capacity Net MW(e)	Generation in 2003 Megawatt-hours	Capacity Factor	Type	On-line Date	License Expiration Date
912	6,956,073	92.7 %	BWR	Dec. 14, 1972	Dec. 14, 2032

Quad Cities Nuclear Power Plant
Country	United States
Locale	Cordova Township, Rock Island County, near Cordova, Illinois
Status	Operational
Commission date	Unit 1: February 18, 1973 Unit 2: March 10, 1973
Licence expiration	Unit 1: December 14, 2032 Unit 2: December 14, 2032
Construction cost	$250 million
Operator(s)	Exelon
Architect(s)	Sargent & Lundy
Reactor information
Reactors operational	1,734 MW
Reactor type(s)	boiling water reactor
Reactor supplier(s)	General Electric
Power generation information
Annual generation	14,457 GW·h

The Edwin I. Hatch Nuclear Power Plant is near Baxley, Georgia, on a 2,244-acre (9 km²) site. It has two General Electric boiling water reactors with a total capacity of 1,726 megawatts. Previously, the reactors had a combined capacity listing of 1,848 MW. Unit 1 went online in 1974 and was followed by Unit 2 in 1978. The plant was named for Edwin I. Hatch, president of Georgia Power from 1963 to 1975, and chairman from 1975 to 1978.

In 2002, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) extended the operating licenses for both reactors for an additional twenty years.

The Hatch plant is operated by Southern Nuclear Operating Company, a subsidiary of Southern Company. Hatch's owners are:

• Georgia Power (50.1%) (also a Southern Company subsidiary)
• Oglethorpe Power Corporation (30%)
• Municipal Electric Authority of Georgia (17.7%)
• Dalton Water & Light Sinking Fund Commission (2.2%)

Spent nuclear fuel is stored on-site in concrete casks. According to the National Academy of Sciences (National Research Council, Radiation Dose Reconstruction for Epidemiologic Uses, National Academy of Sciences Press. P.105), Chernobyl released about 1.89 million curies of Cs-137.

The Edwin I. Hatch Nuclear Power Plant, a BWR, near Baxley GA is estimated by DOE, as of this year, to have generated 1,446 metric tons of spent fuel containing about 179 million curies. About 56 percent of the spent fuel inventory at Hatch is Cs-137. So the Hatch spent fuel contains approximately 100 million curies of Cs-137 -- about 52 times the amount released at Chernobyl.

Edwin I. Hatch Nuclear Power Plant
Country	United States
Locale	Baxley, Georgia
Status	Operational
Commission date	Unit 1: December 31, 1975 Unit 2: September 5, 1979
Licence expiration	Unit 1: August 6, 2034 Unit 2: July 13, 2038
Construction cost	$934 million
Operator(s)	Southern Nuclear
Architect(s)	Bechtel
Reactor information
Reactors operational	1,759 (2 reactors)
Reactor type(s)	boiling water reactor
Reactor supplier(s)	General Electric
Power generation information
Annual generation	14,248 GW·h

Nine Mile Point Nuclear Power Plant is a two-unit nuclear power plant located in the Town of Scriba, approximately five miles northeast of Oswego, New York on the shore of Lake Ontario. The 900 acre (3.6 km²) site is also occupied by the Fitzpatrick Nuclear Generating Station.

Nine Mile Point Nuclear Power Plant is operated by Constellation Energy Group. Constellation is also the sole owner of Unit 1, and owns 82% of Unit 2 (Long Island Power Authority owns the remaining 18%).

Nine Mile Point Units 1 and 2

Both units are General Electric boiling water reactors. Unit 1, a BWR-2, went online in 1969 and has a rated capacity of 609 MW. It is one of the two oldest nuclear reactors still in service in the United States; New Jersey's Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station is the other. Unit 2, a BWR-5, has been in operation since 1988 and has a rated capacity of 1,148 MW. Construction of both units, along with neighboring Fitzpatrick, was commissioned by Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation. Fitzpatrick was sold immediately upon completion, while Niagara Mohawk retained its share of the Nine Mile Point units until 2001, when it sold them to Constellation.

On October 31, 2006, Constellation announced that the NRC had granted 20-year license extensions to both units. Unit 1 is now licensed to operate until 2029 and Unit 2 is licensed until 2046.

The Nine Mile Point cooling tower is visible from Chimney Bluffs in Sodus, New York nearly 30 miles away.

Nine Mile Point Unit 3

On February 12, 2008, Unistar Nuclear, a joint venture between Constellation Energy and Électricité de France (EdF) announced it had notified the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) of its plan to submit a combined construction and operating licence (COL) application in late 2008 for an advanced-design U.S. Evolutionary Power Reactor (U.S. EPR) at Constellation Energy's Nine Mile Point site. The design is a Generation III+, four-loop pressurized water reactor. The U.S. EPR will be rated at 4,590 MW thermal/1,710 MW electrical gross. Plant loads will be approximately 110 MWe, thus the net generation is 1600 MWe net. Plant thermal efficiency will be approximately 36% (ratio of 1,710 MWe to 4,590 MWth).

The COLA was filed on October 1, 2008; the review process is expected to take between 36 and 42 months. Unistar noted that it has yet to make a final decision to build the plant.

1991 site area emergency

On August 13, 1991 a "site area emergency" was declared at the plant. According to Time magazine, this was the third occasion an SAE had been declared at a US nuclear plant.

The emergency was due to an electrical fault which caused a momentary loss of electrical power to the reactor and control room. The operators shut down the reactor in accordance with the emergency plan requirements. There were no injuries or release of radiation as a result of the incident. The reactor came back online 13 hours after the incident.

From NRC Information Notice 91-64, Supplement 1:

The facility was operating at full power when a phase-to-ground electrical fault occurred on phase B of the Unit 2 main power transformer. This resulted in a trip of the main generator, main turbine, and reactor. The fault also caused the voltage on electrical distribution phase B buses to drop to about half of its nominal value for approximately 200 milliseconds, after which it returned to normal.

This momentary voltage drop resulted in the simultaneous loss of power output from each of the five Non-Class 1E uninterruptible power supplies. Exide's UPS units have internal continuously charged back-up batteries to prevent a loss of control logic power. Exide's UPS control logic circuitry receives, processes, generates, and sends electrical signals essential for proper UPS operation. However, in this incident the back-up power battery packs were apparently past their useful life and were completely discharged.

The loss of power from the UPS units caused a loss of all the following: the control room annunciators, the safety parameter display system computer, control rod position indication, the plant process computer, the core thermal limits computer, the feedwater control system, some of the lighting for the plant, the plant radio and paging systems, some instrumentation for balance-of-plant systems, and some instrument recorders.

The loss of control room annunciators concurrent with the plant transient resulting from automatic tripping of the main generator, main turbine, and reactor caused the licensee (Niagara Mohawk) to declare a site area emergency in accordance with the site emergency plan. The loss of control rod position indicators and other equipment losses burdened the operators in implementing the emergency procedures. However, the operators shut down the plant in accordance with emergency procedures. About 13 hours after the plant trip, the reactor was placed in a cold shutdown condition; and approximately 1 hour later, the licensee ended the site area emergency.

Nine Mile Point Nuclear Power Plant
Country	United States
Locale	Scriba, Oswego County, near Oswego, New York
Status	Operational
Commission date	Unit 1: December 26, 1974 Unit 2: July 2, 1987
Licence expiration	Unit 1: August 22, 2029 Unit 2: October 31, 2046
Owner(s)	Unit 1: Constellation Unit 2: Constellation (82%), Long Island Power Authority (18%)
Operator(s)	Constellation
Reactor information
Reactors planned	1 x 1,600 MW
Reactor type(s)	Unit 1: BWR-2 Unit 2: BWR-5
Reactor supplier(s)	General Electric
Power generation information
Installed capacity	Unit 1: 621 MW Unit 2: 1,140
Annual generation	Unit 1: 4,762 GW·h Unit 2: 9,201

Arkansas Nuclear One (ANO) is a two-unit pressurized water reactor nuclear power plant located on Lake Dardanelle in Russellville, Arkansas; it is the only nuclear power plant in Arkansas.

It is owned by Entergy Arkansas and operated by Entergy Nuclear.

Arkansas Nuclear One Unit One

Unit One has a generating capacity of 846 MW of electricity, and came online on May 21, 1974. It is licensed to operate through May 20, 2034. Its nuclear reactor was supplied by Babcock and Wilcox.

Arkansas Nuclear One Unit Two

Unit Two has a generating capacity of 930 MW of electricity, and came online on September 1, 1978. It is licensed to operate through July 18, 2038. Its nuclear reactor was supplied by Combustion Engineering. Unit two is the only one that uses the cooling tower; Unit One releases heat back into Lake Dardanelle.

Arkansas Nuclear One
Country	United States
Locale	Russellville, Arkansas
Status	Operational
Construction began	1969
Commission date	Unit 1: May 21, 1974 Unit 2: Sept. 1, 1978
Licence expiration	Unit 1: May 20, 2034 Unit 2: July 18, 2038
Construction cost	$901,500,000
Operator(s)	Entergy
Architect(s)	Bechtel
Reactor information
Reactors operational	1824 MW
Reactor type(s)	Pressurized water reactor
Reactor supplier(s)	Unit 1: Babcock and Wilcox Unit 2: Combustion Eng.
Power station information
Generation units	Unit 1: Westinghouse Unit 2: General Electric
Power generation information
Installed capacity	Unit 1: 846 MW Unit 2: 930
Annual generation	15,978 GW·h