The Robert E. Ginna Nuclear Power Plant, commonly known as Ginna. It is a nuclear power plant located on the southern shore of Lake Ontario, in the town of Ontario, Wayne County, New York, approximately 20 miles (32 km) east of Rochester, New York.^[1] It is a single unit Westinghouse 2-Loop pressurized water reactor, similar to those at Point Beach, Kewaunee, and Prairie Island. Ginna is one of the oldest nuclear power reactors still in operation in the United States, having gone into commercial operation in 1970.

Ginna Nuclear Power Plant is owned and operated by Constellation Energy Group, who purchased it from Rochester Gas and Electric in 2004.

The Ginna Nuclear Power Plant was the site of a minor nuclear accident when, on January 25, 1982, a small amount of radioactive steam leaked into the air after a steam-generator tube ruptured. The leak which lasted 93 minutes led to the declaration of a site emergency. The rupture was caused by a small pie-pan-shaped object left in the steam generator during an outage. This was not the first time a tube rupture had occurred at an American reactor but following on so closely behind the Three Mile Island accident caused considerable attention to be focused on the incident at the Ginna plant. In total, 485.3 curies of noble gas and 1.15 millicuries of iodine-131 were released to the environment.

In 1996 the original Westinghouse supplied steam generators were replaced by two brand new Babcock and Wilcox steam generators. This project enabled an uprating of Ginna's output several years later and was a major factor in the approval of the plant's operating license extension for 20 years beyond the original license.

Ginna Nuclear Power Plant
Country	United States
Locale	Ontario, New York
Coordinates	43°16′40″N 77°18′36″W / 43.27778°N 77.31°W / 43.27778; -77.31
Status	Operational
Commission date	June 1, 1970
Licence expiration	September 18, 2029
Operator(s)	Constellation Energy
Power generation information
Installed capacity	610 MW
Annual generation	4,930 GW·h

Trojan Nuclear Power Plant was a pressurized water reactor nuclear power plant in Rainier, Oregon, United States, and the only commercial nuclear power plant to be built in Oregon. After sixteen years of service it was closed by its operator, Portland General Electric (PGE), almost twenty years before the end of its design lifetime. Decommissioning and demolition of the plant began in 1993 and was completed in 2006, except for the spent fuel pool containing highly radioactive waste such as the spent fuel rods still stored at the Trojan site.

Trojan Nuclear Power Plant represented more than 12% of the electrical generation capacity of Oregon. For comparison, more than 80% of Oregon's electricity came from hydropower from dams on the Columbia and Snake Rivers, with the rest mainly from fossil fuels.

Construction of Trojan Nuclear Power Plant

Construction of Trojan Nuclear Power Plant began February 1, 1970. First criticality was achieved on December 15, 1975 and grid connection on December 23, 1975. Commercial operation began on May 20, 1976 under a 35-year license to expire in 2011. The single 1130 megawatt unit at Trojan was then the largest pressurized water reactor built. It cost $450 million to build the plant.

Modifications

In 1978, the Trojan Nuclear Power Plant was closed for nine months while modifications were made to improve its resistance to earthquakes. This followed the discovery both of major building construction errors and of the close proximity of a previously unknown faultline. The operators sued the builders, and an undisclosed out-of-court settlement was eventually reached.

The Trojan Nuclear Power Plant steam generators were designed to last the life of the plant, but it was only four years before premature cracking of the steam tubes was observed.

Decommissions process

In 1992, PGE spent $4.5 million to defeat ballot measures seeking to close Trojan Nuclear Power Plant. It was the most expensive ballot measure campaign in Oregon history until the tobacco industry spent $12 million in 2007 to defeat Measure 50. A week later the Trojan plant suffered another steam generator tube leak of radioactive water, and was shut down. It was announced that replacement of the steam generators would be necessary. In December 1992, documents were leaked from the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission showing that staff scientists believed that Trojan might be unsafe to operate. In January 1993, chief plant engineer David Fancher, acting as spokesman for PGE, announced the company would not try to restart Trojan.

In 2005, the reactor vessel and other radioactive equipment were removed from the Trojan plant, encased in concrete foam, shrink-wrapped, and transported intact by barge along the Columbia River to Hanford Nuclear Reservation in Washington, where it was buried in a 45-foot-deep (14 m) pit and covered with 6 inches (150 mm) of gravel, which made it the first commercial reactor to be moved and buried whole. The spent fuel is stored onsite in 34 dry casks, awaiting transport to the Yucca Mountain Repository.

The iconic 499-foot-tall (152 m) cooling tower, visible from Interstate 5 in Washington, was demolished via dynamite implosion at 7:00 a.m. on May 21, 2006. This event marked the first implosion of a cooling tower at a nuclear plant in the United States. Additional demolition work on the remaining structures was to continue through 2008. The central office building, and the reactor building were demolished by Northwest Demolition and Dismantling in 2008. Remaining are five buildings: two warehouses, a small building on the river side, a guard shack, and offices outside the secured facility. There is also extensive underground infrastructure still to be demolished. It is expected that demolition of the plant will cost as least as much as its construction.

Trojan Nuclear Power Plant
Locale	Rainier, Oregon, U.S.
Coordinates	46°2′18″N 122°53′6″W / 46.03833°N 122.885°W / 46.03833; -122.885 / 46.03833; -122.885
Status	Decommissioned
Construction began	1970
Commission date	May 20, 1976
Decommission date	1992
Construction cost	approximately $500,000,000
Operator(s)	Portland General Electric
Architect(s)	Bechtel
Power station information
Generation units	General Electric
Power generation information
Installed capacity	1,130 MW

The Millstone Nuclear Power Plant is the only nuclear power generation site in Connecticut. It is located at a former quarry in Waterford. Of the three reactors built here, units two and three are still operating at a combined output rating of 2020 MWe.

The Millstone Nuclear Power Plant site covers about 500 acres (2 km²). The power generation complex was built by a consortium of utilities, using Niantic Bay (which is connected to Long Island Sound and the Atlantic Ocean) as a source of coolant water.

Although located in Waterford, Millstone is most clearly seen from downtown Niantic. It is visible from the Niantic Boardwalk area and from the Niantic River Bridge, and is also visible to Amtrak customers on the NEC line which as it skirts Niantic Bay.

Millstone earned OSHA's top award for workplace safety in October 14, 2004, and earned the Top Industry Practice/ Framatone ANP Vendor Award for its work developing novel ultrasonic leak inspection techniques in March 2001.

Millstone Nuclear Power Plant Units 2 and 3, both pressurized water reactors (one from Westinghouse and one from Combustion Engineering), were sold to Dominion by Northeast Utilities in 2000 and continue to operate.

On November 28, 2005, after a 22-month application and evaluation process, Millstone was granted a 20-year license extension to both units 2 and 3 by the NRC.

Licensing history & milestones

Unit 1

Millstone Nuclear Power Plant Unit 1 was a General Electric boiling water reactor, producing 660 MWe, shut down in November 1995 before being permanently closed in July 1998.

• Construction Permit Issued: May 19, 1966
• Final Safety Analysis Report (FSAR) Filed: November 1, 1968
• Provisional Operating License Issued: October 7, 1970
• Full Term Operating License Issued: October 31, 1986
• Full Power License: October 7, 1970
• Initial Criticality: October 26, 1970
• Synchronized to the Grid: November 1970
• Commercial Operation: December 28, 1970
• 100% Power: January 6, 1971
• Permanently Ceased Operations: July 21, 1998

Unit 2

Millstone Nuclear Power Plant Unit 2 is a Combustion Engineering plant built in the 1970s, and has a maximum power output of 2700 MWth (870 MWe). It has 2 steam generators, and 4 reactor cooling pumps (RCP). It is currently undergoing an upgrade to its safe shutdown system which already met NRC standards. During its refueling outage in October 2006, the operator installed a new pressurizer.

• Construction Permit Issued: December 11, 1970
• Final Safety Analysis Report (FSAR) Filed: August 15, 1972
• Full Term Operating Licensing Issued: September 26, 1975
• Full Power License: September 26, 1975
• Initial Criticality: October 17, 1975
• Commercial Operation: December 26, 1975
• 100% Power: March 20, 1976
• “Stretch Power”: June 25, 1979
• Operating License Extension Requested: December 22, 1986
• Operating License Extension Issued: January 12, 1988
• Full Term Operating License Expires: December 11, 2010
• Operating License Expires: July 31, 2015
• Extended Operating License Expires: July 31, 2035

Unit 3

Millstone Nuclear Power Plant Unit 3 is a Westinghouse plant that started operating in 1986, and has a maximum power output of 3411 MWth (1150 MWe). Recently, the NRC approved a power uprate for Unit 3 that will increase its electrical output 7.006% to 3650 MWth (1230 MWe. The increase will take effect by the end of 2008.

• Construction Permit Issued: August 9, 1974
• Initial Criticality: January 23, 1986
• Commercial Operation: April 23, 1986
• Operating License Expires: November 25, 2025
• Extended Operating License Expires: November 25, 2045

Events in Millstone nuclear power plant

On April 17, 2005, Millstone Nuclear Power Plant safely shut down without incident when a circuit board monitoring a steam pressure line short-circuited, which caused the board to malfunction and indicate an unsafe drop in pressure in the reactor's steam system, when in reality there was no drop in steam pressure. The cause was attributed to "tin whiskers". In response to this event, Millstone implemented a procedure to inspect for these whiskers at every refueling outage, or 18 months. David Lochbaum, a scientist affiliated with the Union of Concerned Scientists, while remaining critical of the processes leading to the discovery of the whiskers, praised Millstone for its handling of the situation.

Millstone Nuclear Power Plant
Country	United States
Locale	Waterford, Connecticut
Coordinates	41°18′43″N 72°10′7″W / 41.31194°N 72.16861°W / 41.31194; -72.16861 / 41.31194; -72.16861
Status	Operational
Commission date	Unit 2: December 26, 1975 Unit 3: April 23, 1986
Licence expiration	Unit 2: July 31, 2035 Unit 3: November 25, 2045
Construction cost	Unit 2: $424 million Unit 3: $3.77 billion
Operator(s)	Dominion
Architect(s)	Unit 2: Bechtel Unit 3: Stone & Webster
Power generation information
Installed capacity	Unit 2: 882 MW Unit 3: 1,155
Annual generation	Unit 2: 7,686 GWh Unit 3: 8,699