The Doel Nuclear Power Station is one of the two nuclear power plants in Belgium. The plant lies on the bank of the Scheldt, near the village of Doel in the Flemish province of East Flanders. The Belgian energy corporation Electrabel is the plant's largest stakeholder. The plant employs 800 workers and covers an area of 80 hectares.

Reactors of Doel Nuclear Power Station

The plant consists of four second-generation pressurized water reactors with a total capacity of 2839 MW_e, making it the second largest nuclear power plant in Belgium, after Nuclear Plant Tihange. Its four units are rated as follows:

• Doel 1 : 392 MW_e
• Doel 2 : 433 MW_e
• Doel 3 : 1006 MW_e
• Doel 4 : 1008 MW_e

Doel 1 and 2 came online in 1975, while Doel 3 and 4 came online in 1982 and 1985, respectively.

Cooling towers of Doel Nuclear Power Station

With a height of 176 meters, the two cooling towers are the most visible structure in the Port of Antwerp. Due to its proximity to the Dutch-Belgian border, the towers and the accompanying vapor can be seen in large parts of Dutch provinces of Zeeland and western North Brabant. Since 1995, one of the cooling towers has hosted a nest of peregrine falcons.

Powerlines

One of the outgoing powerlines crosses Schelde River in a remarkable manner, see Doel Schelde Powerline Crossing.

Doel Nuclear Power Station
Country	Belgium
Locale	Doel
Coordinates	51°19′29″N 04°15′31″E / 51.32472°N 4.25861°E / 51.32472; 4.25861 / 51.32472; 4.25861
Construction began	1969
Commission date	15 February 1975
Owner(s)	Indivision Doel (EBES, INTERCOM, UNERG)
Operator(s)	Electrabel M.V. Nucleaire Produktie
Reactor information
Reactors operational	1 x 392 MW 1 x 433 MW 1 x 1006 MW 1 x 1008 MW
Power generation information
Annual generation	21,670 GW·h
Net generation	515,257 GW·h

The Tihange Nuclear Power Station, along with Doel Nuclear Power Station, is one of the two large-scale nuclear power plants in Belgium. It is located on the right bank of the Meuse River in the Belgian district of Tihange, part of Huy municipality in the Walloonian province of Liège. The primary stakeholder in the plant is the Belgian energy company Electrabel.

Reactors

The plant has three pressurized water reactors, with a total capacity of 2985 MW_e and makes up 52% of the total Belgian nuclear generating capacity. Its units are rated as follows:

• Tihange 1: 962 MW_e
• Tihange 2: 1008 MW_e
• Tihange 3: 1015 MW_e

The South Ukraine Nuclear Power Station is a nuclear power station in Ukraine.

South Ukraine Nuclear Power Station is located near the city of Yuzhnoukrainsk in Mykolaiv province, approximately 350 kilometers (200 miles) south of Kiev. The nuclear power station has three VVER-1000 reactors and a net generation capacity of 2,850 megawatts (MW). It is at present the second largest of five nuclear power stations in Ukraine.

From South Ukraine Nuclear Power Plant a 750 kV powerline runs to Isaccea, Romania; however this is largely dismantled or ruined.

Since 2005 Energoatom has been using the third power unit of the Yuzhnoukrainsk NPP to test nuclear fuel produced by Westinghouse, mixed with Russian assemblies. In August 2005, the third reactor of the Yuzhnoukrainsk NPP was loaded with the first six experimental fuel assemblies produced by Westinghouse.

In September 2009, Westinghouse transferred a further 42 fuel assemblies to Energoatom for the third reactor of the Yuzhnoukrainsk NPP. The main supplier of fuel for nuclear power plants in Ukraine is currently TVEL, with whom NNEGC in 1997 signed a contract for the supply of fresh nuclear fuel for Ukrainian WMR until 2010.

Energoatom operates all four active nuclear power plants in Ukraine. Zaporizhzhia, Yuzhnoukrainsk, Rivne and Khmelnytsky stations have 15 generating units in total. Equipped with water-moderated reactors, they have a total installed electrical capacity of 13.835 MW.

South Ukraine Nuclear Power Plant
Country	Ukraine
Coordinates	47°49′0″N 31°13′0″E / 47.816667°N 31.216667°E / 47.816667; 31.216667 / 47.816667; 31.216667
Construction began	1975
Commission date	October 18, 1983
Owner(s)	Energoatom
Operator(s)	National Nuclear Energy Generating Company
Reactor information
Reactors operational	3 x 1,000 MW
Power generation information
Annual generation	16,746 GW·h
Net generation	329,175 GW·h

Smolensk Nuclear power station, or Smolensk NPP, is a nuclear power station in Russia. It is located in the Smolensk region, in Desnogorsk province, approximately 150 km from Smolensk, 120 km from Bryansk and 320 km from Moscow. Smolensk Nuclear Power Plant is the biggest NPP in the Nechernozem region of Russia.

Smolensk Nuclear power station operates three RBMK-1000 reactors (1000MW water-cooled graphite-moderated channel-type reactors). The plant was supposed to have four units but the construction of the 4^th reactor was stopped in 1986 following the Chernobyl disaster.

All the units are equipped with emergency response systems, which can prevent release of radioactive material into the environment even in case of serious accident; for example breakage of pipes in the reactor cooling circuit. The reactor cooling circuit is housed in hermetic reinforced concrete boxes that can withstand a force of 4.5 kg/cm².

Unit	Reactor type	Net capacity	Gross capacity
Smolensk - 1	RBMK-1000	925 MW	1,000 MW
Smolensk - 2	RBMK-1000	925 MW	1,000 MW
Smolensk - 3	RBMK-1000	925 MW	1,000 MW
Smolensk - 4	RBMK-1000	925 MW	1,000 MW

Smolensk Nuclear Power Plant
Country	Russia
Coordinates	54°10′8.98″N 33°14′47.89″E / 54.1691611°N 33.2466361°E / 54.1691611; 33.2466361
Status	Operational
Construction began	October 1, 1975
Commission date	December 9, 1982
Operator(s)	Energoatom
Reactor information
Reactors operational	3 x 1000 MW
Power generation information
Annual generation	5093 GW·h
Net generation	118,699 GW·h

The Perry Nuclear Power Plant is located on a 1,100-acre (450 ha) site on Lake Erie, 40 miles (65 km) northeast of Cleveland in North Perry, Ohio, USA. The nuclear power plant is owned by First Energy Nuclear Operating Corporation.

Perry was the 100th power reactor licensed in the United States.

The reactor of Perry Nuclear Power Plant is a General Electric BWR-6 boiling water reactor design, with a Mark III containment design. The original core power level of 3,579 megawatts thermal was increased to 3,758 megawatts thermal in 2000, making Perry one of the largest BWRs in the United States.

Built at a cost of $6 billion, Perry-1 is one of the most expensive power plants ever constructed.

Perry Nuclear Power Plant was originally designed as a two-unit installation, but construction on Unit 2 was suspended in 1985 and formally canceled in 1994. At the time of cancellation, all of the major buildings and structures for the second unit were completed, including the 500-foot-tall (150 m) cooling tower. It is possible that a second unit could be constructed on the site, but current economical and regulatory conditions are not conducive to doing so (in addition to back taxes that would be due to the "abandon in place" designations on many objects in Unit 2). At any rate, the second unit would have to be re-built from the ground up to accommodate the newer reactor design that would almost certainly be installed.

On Sunday March 28, 2010, there was a fire in a lubrication system for one of the water pumps that feeds water for generation of steam. Reactor power was reduced to 70% as a safety precaution, and the fire was extinguished in less than three hours. Two plant fire brigade personnel were brought to a local hospital for "heat stress" following the fire. No customers lost power during this event.

In addition to Perry Nuclear Power Plant, First Energy also owns and operates the Davis-Besse and Beaver Valley nuclear plants.

	Unit 1	Unit 2
Reactor Type	BWR-6	BWR-6
Reactor Manufacturer	General Electric	General Electric
Turbine Manufacturer	General Electric	General Electric
Thermal Power	3,758 megawatts	Unit canceled in 1994
Electrical Output	1,260 megawatts	Unit canceled in 1994
Transmission System Connection	345,000 volts	Unit canceled in 1994
Construction Permit Issued	May 3, 1977	May 3, 1977 (construction suspended in 1985)
Initial Criticality	June, 1986	Unit canceled in 1994
First Electrical Generation	November 13, 1986	Unit canceled in 1994
Operational Date	November 18, 1987	Unit canceled in 1994
Expiration of Original License	March 18, 2026	Unit canceled in 1994

Ownership

The reactor is owned and operated by FirstEnergy. Four of its subsidiaries each own a share in the plant:

Company	Percentage	Notes
Cleveland Electric Illuminating	44.9%
Ohio Edison	30%
Pennsylvania Power	5.2%	Ohio Edison subsidiary
Toledo Edison	19.9%

Perry Nuclear Power Plant
Country	United States
Locale	Perry, Ohio
Coordinates	41°48′3″N 81°8′36″W / 41.80083°N 81.14333°W / 41.80083; -81.14333 / 41.80083; -81.14333
Status	Operational
Commission date	November 18, 1987
Licence expiration	March 18, 2026
Construction cost	$6 billion
Owner(s)	Cleveland Electric (44.9%), Ohio Edison (30%), Toledo Edison (19.9%), Pennsylvania Power (5.2%)
Operator(s)	FirstEnergy Nuclear
Architect(s)	Gilbert Associates
Reactor information
Reactors operational	1 x 1231 MW
Reactors cancelled	1 x 1231 MW
Reactor type(s)	boiling water reactor
Reactor supplier(s)	General Electric
Power generation information
Annual generation	8,058 GW·h

The Kalinin Nuclear Power Plant is located about 200 kilometres (120 mi) north west of Moscow, in Tver Oblast near the town of Udomlya. Owner and operator of the plant is the state enterprise Energoatom. Kalinin Nuclear Power Station supplies the majority of electricity in the Tver region and additionally serves Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and Vladimir. In 2005 the nuclear power station fed 17.3 TWh (62,000 TJ) into the grid. The station's four 150 metres (490 ft) tall cooling towers are local landmarks. They were manufactured in 96 concrete sections each.

By March 2009 the containment structure of the new Kalinin Unit 4 reactor was nearly complete. This reactor is planned to become operational in 2011.

The Kalinin Nuclear Power Plant has four nuclear reactor units:

Unit	Reactor type	Net capacity	Gross capacity	Commercial Operation	Shutdown
Kalinin - 1	VVER-1000/338	950 MW	1,000 MW	1985/06/12	2014
Kalinin - 2	VVER-1000/338	950 MW	1,000 MW	1987/03/03	2016
Kalinin - 3	VVER-1000/320	950 MW	1,000 MW	2005/11/08	2043
Kalinin - 4	VVER-1000/320	950 MW	1,000 MW	-	-

Kalinin Nuclear Power Plant
Country	Russia
Coordinates	57°54′20″N 35°03′37″E / 57.90556°N 35.06028°E / 57.90556; 35.06028 / 57.90556; 35.06028
Status	Operational
Construction began	February 1, 1977
Commission date	June 12, 1985
Operator(s)	Energoatom
Reactor information
Reactors operational	3 x 1000 MW
Reactors under construction	1 x 1000 MW
Power generation information
Annual generation	20,106 GW·h
Net generation	261,722 GW·h

Forsmark Nuclear Power Plant is a nuclear power plant in Forsmark, Sweden, and also the site of the Swedish Final repository for radioactive operational waste. It is operated by a subsidiary of Vattenfall.

Forsmark Nuclear Reactors

Forsmark NPP has three Boiling water reactors:

• F1 with an ABB Atom BWR 69 at 2928 MW thermal and 1010 MWe net was first connected to the grid on 5 June, 1980, and commenced commercial operation on 10 December, 1980. It has two turbo-alternators.
• F2 with an ABB Atom BWR 69 at 2928 MW thermal and 1010 MWe net was first grid connected on 15 December, 1980 and commenced commercial operation on 7 July, 1981. It is a twin of Unit 1.
• F3 with an ABB Atom BWR 75 at 3300 MW thermal and 1190 MWe net and was first grid connected on 3 March, 1985 and commenced commercial operation on 21 August, 1985. It is a later design with one turbo-alternator.

Other facilities

West of Forsmark Nuclear Power Plant, there is the static inverter of HVDC Fenno-Skan.

Nuclear Waste disposal

Forsmark is the proposed site for the long-term burial of all spent fuel from Swedish nuclear power reactors, using the KBS-3 process. The new site will be located next to the already existing final repository for radioactive operational waste, but the two will not be connected with each other.

April 1986

On April 27, 1986, unusually high levels of radiation were detected in workers' clothing at this plant, prompting concerns of a radiation leak. No leak was found, however, and the radiation was subsequently determined to have originated from Chernobyl, where a reactor had exploded the previous day. Chernobyl is approximately 1,100 km from this power plant.

Detection of rise of environmental radioactivity at Forsmark was crucial in leading Soviet authorities, originally attempting to cover up the disaster, to admit that a nuclear incident had taken place in Pripyat. This, in turn, was the immediate trigger for evacuation of Pripyat, which Soviets had considered unnecessary for more than 36 hours following the explosions.

July 2006 incident

On 25 July 2006, one reactor was shut down after an electrical fault. According to the Swedish Nuclear Power Inspection authority SKI the incident was rated 2 on the International Nuclear Event Scale. According to Lars-Olov Höglund, a former construction chief at Vattenfall, it is the most serious nuclear incident in the world since the Chernobyl disaster and it was pure luck that prevented a meltdown. Both the SKI and the safety chief of Forsmark power plant disagree with that opinion and state that the incident was serious but the description provided by Höglund was incorrect and there was no risk of a meltdown.

Lars-Olov Höglund has been involved in a personal legal dispute with Forsmark Nuclear powerplant for several years.

However, SKI also writes about the failing safety system in that finding out that safety functions proved to be linked together in a delicate way is extremely serious.

February 2007 shutdown

On February 3, two units at Forsmark Nuclear Power Plant were shut down to inspect a rubber seal in one of the safety systems. On Forsmark 1 this seal needed to be replaced, a job that would take approximately one month. Unit 2 was cleared by the regulator SKI and was free to restart.

In January an internal report made by a few employees at Forsmark who were concerned over a "degrading safety culture" was leaked to media who ran an extensive story on it. In the storm following the report the Forsmark CEO chose to resign. Forsmark was already under way to implement a 60-point program designed to improve safety culture, designed shortly after the event in July 2006.

Forsmark Nuclear Power Plant
Country	Sweden
Locale	Forsmark
Coordinates	60°24′12″N 18°10′0″E / 60.40333°N 18.166667°E / 60.40333; 18.166667 / 60.40333; 18.166667
Status	Operational
Commission date	1980
Operator(s)	Vattenfall
Reactor information
Reactors operational	2 x 2928 MW 1 x 3300 MW
Reactor type(s)	Boiling water reactor
Power generation information
Net generation	22300 GW·h

The Chooz Nuclear Power Station (Centrale nucléaire de Chooz) lies in the municipality of Chooz in the Ardennes department, France, on the Meuse close to the border with Belgium, between the French city of Charleville-Mézières and the Belgian municipality of Dinant.

The first reactor Chooz A, an early PWR design, was shut down in 1991 after an operational life of 22 years.

Two units of the N4 reactor design are currently operation, Chooz B1 and Chooz B2. Designed for a net power output of 1450 MWe, power was uprated to 1500 MWe in 2003.

A fourth nuclear reactor, of the EPR type, is under study by EDF.

The Chooz Nuclear Power Station employs around 700 full time workers.

The Chooz Nuclear Power Station reactors were a source of neutrinos for the CHOOZ neutrino oscillation experiment; a new experiment, Double CHOOZ, is currently under construction nearby.

Chooz Nuclear Power Plant
Official name	Centrale Nucléaire de Chooz
Country	France
Locale	Chooz, Ardennes
Coordinates	50°5′24″N 4°47′22″E / 50.09°N 4.78944°E / 50.09; 4.78944 / 50.09; 4.78944
Status	Operational
Construction began	1960
Commission date	April 15, 1967 (April 15, 1967)
Decommission date	1991 (Chooz A)
Operator(s)	EDF
Developer(s)	Societé d'Energie Nucleaire Franco-Belge des Ardennes
Constructor(s)	Bouygues
Reactor information
Reactors operational	2 x 1560 MW
Reactors decom.	1 x 320 MW
Reactor type(s)	PWR
Reactor supplier(s)	Framatome
Turbine information
Manufacturer(s)	Alstom
Power generation information
Installed capacity	3,120 MW
Annual generation	19,306 GW·h
Net generation	195,081 GW·h
As of 10 November 2010

Reactors

Unit	Type	Net power	Total power
Chooz - A (Ardennes)	PWR	310 MW	320 MW
Chooz - B 1	PWR	1500 MW	1560 MW
Chooz - B 2	PWR	1500 MW	1560 MW

The Civaux Nuclear Power Plant is located in the commune of Civaux (Vienne) at the edge of Vienne River between Confolens (55 km upstream) and Chauvigny (16 km downstream), and 34 km south-east of Poitiers.

Civaux Nuclear Power Plant has two operating units that were the precursors to the European Pressurized Reactor, being the "N4 stage". Designed for a net power output of 1450 MWe per unit, power was uprated to 1495 MWe in 2003. Water from the Vienne River is used for cooling.

As of 2004, 692 people work at the plant, with 12.9% women.

On May 12, 1998 there was a leak on an elbow in a pipe of the RCS. Water leaked out at the rate of 30 cubic meters per hour. It was classified as 2 on the INES scale.

REACTORS

Unit	Type	Net power	Total power	Commercial operation
CIVAUX-1	PWR	1495 MW	1561 MW	2002/01/29
CIVAUX-2	PWR	1495 MW	1561 MW	2002/04/23

Civaux Nuclear Power Plant
Official name	Centrale Nucléaire de Civaux
Country	France
Locale	Civaux (Vienne)
Coordinates	46°27′24″N 0°39′10″E / 46.45667°N 0.65278°E / 46.45667; 0.65278 / 46.45667; 0.65278
Status	Operational
Construction began	1988
Commission date	2002
Operator(s)	EDF
Constructor(s)	Bouygues
Reactor information
Reactors operational	2 x 1561 MW
Reactor type(s)	PWR
Reactor supplier(s)	Framatome
Turbine information
Manufacturer(s)	Alstom
Power generation information
Installed capacity	3,122 MW
Annual generation	21,458 GW·h
Net generation	130,417 GW·h